Valide sultan (ඕටමන් තුර්කි: والده سلطان, lit. 'mother sultan') was the title held by the "legal mother" of a ruling sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The title was first formally used in the 16th century during Hafsa Sultan's, mother of Sultan Suleyman I, reign, superseding the previous title of mehd-i ulya ("cradle of the great"). or "the nacre of the pearl of the sultanate". Normally, the living mother of a reigning sultan held this title. Those mothers who died before their sons' accession to the throne were never bestowed with the title of valide sultan. In special cases sisters, grandmothers and stepmothers of a reigning sultan assumed the title afifa sultan.
| ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්යයේ වාලිදේ සුල්තාන් | |
|---|---|
තුර්කියේ මනිසා හි පිහිටි, පළමු වාලිදේ සුල්තාන්වූ, හෆ්සා සුල්තාන් ගේ පිළිරුව | |
| විලාසය | වාලිදේ සුල්තානෙෆෙන්දි, මව් රැජිණ |
| නිල නිවස |
|
| තනතුර ඇතිකල දිනය | 1520 සැප්තැම්බර් 30 |
| මුලින්ම තනතුර දැරූයේ | හෆ්සා සුල්තාන් |
| අවසන් වරට තනතුර දැරූයේ | රහීමෙ පෙරෙස්තු සුල්තාන් |
| තනතුර අහෝසිකල දිනය | 1904 දෙසැම්බර් 11 |
Term
The word valide (والده) literally means 'mother' in Ottoman Turkish, from Arabic wālida. The Turkish pronunciation of the word valide is [vaː.liˈde].
Sultan (سلطان, sulṭān) is an Arabic word originally meaning 'authority' or 'dominion'. By the beginning of the 16th century, this title, carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty, was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably hatun for women and bey for men). Consequently, the title valide hatun (title for living mother of reigning Ottoman sultan before 16th century) also turned into valide sultan. This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.
Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as sultan, but the Ottomans themselves used padişah (emperor) or hünkar to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of sultan together with khan (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled sultan, with imperial princes (şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, with imperial princesses carrying it after. For example, Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan were the son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of reigning sultans also carried the title after their given names, for example, Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman's mother and first valide sultan, and Hürrem Sultan, Suleiman's chief consort and first haseki sultan. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between the Sultanate of Women, as the position of main consort eroded over the course of 17th century, the main consort lost the title sultan, which replaced by kadïn, a title related to the earlier khatun. Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non-imperial blood to carry the title sultan.
Role and position
Valide sultan was, in most cases, the most important position in the Ottoman Empire after the sultan himself. As the mother to the sultan, by Islamic tradition ("A mother's right is God's right"), the valide sultan would have a significant influence on the affairs of the empire. She had great power in the court and her own rooms (always adjacent to her son's) and state staff. The valide sultan had quarters within the New Palace, where the Sultan himself resided, beginning in the 16th century. As the Valide sultan (Sultana mother), who had direct and intimate access to the Sultan's person, often influenced government decisions bypassing the Imperial Council and the Grand Vizier altogether or the grille-covered window from which the Sultan or Valide sultan could observe Council meetings. This left her at the heart of the political ongoings and machinations of the Ottoman Empire. Valide sultan also traditionally had access to considerable economic resources and often funded major architectural projects, such as the Atik Valide Mosque Complex in Istanbul. Many valide sultans undertook massive philanthropic endeavors and buildings, as this was seen as one of the main ways to demonstrate influence and wealth. Valide sultans were also conveniently one of the few people within the empire with the station and means to embark on these expensive projects. Nurbanu Sultan’s daily stipend as valide sultan to her son, Murad III, was 2000 aspers, an extraordinary sum for the time, which revealed the highly influential position valide sultans held at court. The valide sultan also maintained special privileges that other harem members could not participate in. A valide sultan was not subject to sole seclusion within the confines of the palace. She had mobility outside of the harem, sometimes through ceremonial visibility to the public or veiled meetings with government officials and diplomats. Additionally, the valide sultan spearheaded one of the most crucial elements of diplomacy within the Ottoman Empire’s court: marriages of royal princesses. The most powerful and influential valide sultans had multiple daughters, with whom they forged crucial alliances through by marriage. During the 17th century, in a period known as the Sultanate of Women, a series of incompetent or child sultans raised the role of the valide sultan to new heights. Various Valide sultans acted as regents for their sons, assuming the vast power and influence the position entailed.
The most powerful and well-known of all valide sultans in the history of the Ottoman Empire were Mihrimah Sultan, Nurbanu Sultan,Safiye Sultan, Kösem Sultan, and Turhan Sultan.
Sultan Nurbanu Sultan became the first of the great valide sultans during the sixteenth century, as haseki and legal wife to Sultan Selim II. Nurbanu’s influential career as valide sultan established the precedent of valide sultan maintaining more power than her nearest harem rival, the haseki, or favorite concubine of the reigning sultan. The following influential valide sultans, Safiye Sultan, Kösem Sultan and Turhan Sultan, maintained this precedent and occupied positions of extreme power within the Ottoman imperial court. These positions helped them solidify their own power within the imperial court and ease diplomatic tensions on a broader, international scale.
Since Hurrem Sultan died before her son, Selim II, became Sultan she never became a valide sultan. In an extremely rare case in Ottoman history, Selim II bestowed the title of valide sultan upon his older sister, Mihrimah Sultan. It became the only incident in Ottoman history that a valide sultan was a member of the Ottoman royal family, thus reflecting Mihrimah's power.
Most harem women who were slaves were never formally married to the sultans. Nevertheless, their children were considered fully legitimate under Islamic law if recognized by the father.
List of valide sultans
The list does not include the complete list of mothers of the Ottoman sultans. Most who held the title of valide sultan were the biological mothers of the reigning sultans. The mothers who died before their sons' accession to throne, never assumed the title of valide sultan, like Hurrem Sultan, Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan, Muazzez Sultan, Mihrişah Kadın, Şermi Kadın, Tirimüjgan Kadın, Gülcemal Kadın, and Gülüstü Hanım. In special cases, there were grandmothers, stepmothers, and sisters of the reigning sultans who assumed the role, if not the title, of valide sultan, like Kösem Sultan, Mihrimah Sultan and Perestu Kadın.
| Appearance | Name | Maiden name | Origin | Became valide | Ceased to be valide | Death | Sultan(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hafsa Sultan حفصه سلطان | unknown | Daughter of Crimean Khan Meñli I Giray or more likely a Christian slave | 30 September 1520 son's ascension | 19 March 1534 | Suleiman I (son) | ||
| Hurrem Sultan has died before Selim became sultan | Selim II (son) | ||||||
| Nurbanu Sultan نور بانو سلطان | Cecilia Venier-Baffo or Rachel | Venetian or Jew or Greek | 15 December 1574 son's ascension | 7 December 1583 | Murad III (son) | ||
| Safiye Sultan صفیه سلطان | Sofia | Albanian | 15 January 1595 son's ascension | 22 December 1603 son's death | 10 November 1618 | Mehmed III (son) | |
| Handan Sultan خندان سلطان | unknown or probably Helena | unknown or probably Bosnian | 22 December 1603 son's ascension | 9 November 1605 | Ahmed I (son) | ||
| Halime Sultan حلیمه سلطان | unknown | Abkhaz | 22 November 1617 son's ascension (first tenure) | 26 February 1618 son's deposition (first tenure) | 1623 | Mustafa I (son) | |
| 19 May 1622 son's reinstatement (second tenure) | 10 September 1623 son's deposition (second tenure) | ||||||
| Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan has died before osman became sultan | Osman II (son) | ||||||
| Kösem Sultan ماه پیکر كوسم سلطان | Anastasia | Greek. Born on Tinos, Republic of Venice | 10 September 1623 son's ascension | 12 August 1648 son's death | 2 September 1651 | Murad IV (son) Ibrahim (son) | |
| Turhan Sultan ترخان خدیجه سلطان | Nadya | Ukraine | 2 September 1651 son's ascension | 4 August 1683 | Mehmed IV (son) | ||
| Aşub Sultan صالحه دل آشوب سلطان | Katarina | unknown or probably Serbian | 8 November 1687 son's ascension | 4 December 1689 | Suleiman II (son) | ||
| Rabia Gülnuş Sultan رابعه گلنوش سلطان | Evmania Voria | Greek | 6 February 1695 son's ascension | 6 November 1715 | Mustafa II (son) Ahmed III (son) | ||
| Saliha Sultan صالحه سلطان | Elizaveta | unknown Serbian or Greek | 20 September 1730 son's ascension | 21 September 1739 | Mahmud I (son) | ||
| Şehsuvar Sultan شهسوار سلطان | Maria | Russian or Serbian | 13 December 1754 son's ascension | April 1756 | Osman III (son) | ||
| Mihrişah Sultan مهر شاه سلطان | Agnes | Daughter of Georgian Orthodox priest | 7 April 1789 son's ascension | 16 October 1805 | Selim III (son) | ||
| Sineperver Sultan سینه پرور سلطان | unknown | Bulgarian, Georgian, or Circassian | 29 May 1807 son's ascension | 28 July 1808 son's deposition | 11 December 1828 | Mustafa IV (son) | |
| Nakşidil Sultan نقش دل سلطان | unknown | Georgian | 28 July 1808 son's ascension | 22 August 1817 | Mahmud II (son) | ||
| Bezmiâlem Sultan بزم عالم سلطان | unknown | Georgian or Jewish | 2 July 1839 son's ascension | 2 May 1853 | Abdülmecid I (son) | ||
| Pertevniyal Sultan پرتو نهال سلطان | probably Hasna | Kurd or Romanian or Circassian | 25 June 1861 son's ascension | 30 May 1876 son's deposition | 5 February 1883 | Abdülaziz I (son) | |
| Şevkefza Kadın شوق افزا سلطان | probably Vilma | Georgian or Circassian | 30 May 1876 son's ascension | 31 August 1876 son's deposition | 17 September 1889 | Murad V (son) | |
| Perestu Kadın رحيمه پرستو سلطان | probably Rahime Gogen | Ubykh princess | 31 August 1876 step-son's ascension | 11 December 1904 | Abdul Hamid II (step-son) | ||
Exceptional cases
Normally, the living mother of the reigning sultan held the title of valide sultan. But in exceptional cases, there were women did not exercise valide sultan's duties when their sons became sultan.
| Name | Maiden name and origin | Son | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mahfiruz Hatun ماہ فروز خاتون | unknown name, probably Serbian | Osman II | Privy Purse registers no valide sultan during Osman's reign. Apparently, Mahfiruz fell into disfavour, was banished from the palace at some point before Osman's accession, and never recovered her status. Banishment in disgrace would explain both Mahfiruz's absence from the palace and her burial in the popular shrine of Eyüb rather than in her husband's tomb. The Venetian ambassador Contarini reported in 1612 that the sultan, Ahmed I, had a beating administered to a woman who had irritated Kösem. Perhaps this woman was Mahfiruz. |
බූයුක් වාලිදේ සුල්තාන්
The title of Büyük Valide Sultan (Senior Valide Sultan) or Büyükanne Sultan (Grandmother Sultan) was created by Kösem Sultan and officially used only by her during the reign of his nephew Mehmed IV, thus limiting the power of Turhan Sultan who was deemed too young to fulfill the title of Valide Sultan.
The official and unofficials Büyük Valide Sultan that lived in the reign of their grandsons are:
| Appearance | Name | Maiden name | Note | Became Büyük valide | Ceased to be Büyük valide | Death | Sultan(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Safiye Sultan صفیه سلطان | Sofia | She never was Büyük Valide Sultan as official title, but she lived during the reign of her two grandosons (Ahmed and Mustafa) and the reign of her great grandson (Osman) | (unofficial)22 December 1603 - her death | 10 November 1618 | Ahmed I (grandson) Mustafa I (grandson) Osman II(great grandosn) | ||
| Kösem Sultan ماه پیکر كوسم سلطان | Anastasia | During the Mehmed IV's accession, she proclaimed herself as Büyük Valide Sultan | 12 August 1648 – her death | 2 September 1651 | Mehmed IV (grandson) | ||
See also
- Hanımefendi
- Harem
- Haseki Sultan
- Kadınefendi
- List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans
- List of Ottoman titles and appellations
- Ottoman family tree
- Seraglio
- Sultana (title)
විකිපීඩියා, විකි, විශ්වකෝෂය, පොත, පුස්තකාලය, ලිපිය, කියවීම, නොමිලේ බාගත කිරීම, වාලිදේ සුල්තාන් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු, වාලිදේ සුල්තාන් යනු කුමක්ද? වාලිදේ සුල්තාන් යනු කුමක් දර්ශනය කරන්නේ?